Japan’s latest defense white paper has caught the attention of many in East Asia. For the third year in a row, Tokyo has labeled China as its “greatest strategic challenge.” This strong language suggests a shift from cooperation to potential conflict, causing unease in the region.
The white paper focuses on increased activities by China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA), building a case for Japan’s rapid military expansion. However, it doesn’t mention the context of increased U.S.–Japan joint exercises or the frequent Western naval patrols near the Taiwan region. These actions contribute to the tensions in the area.
China has expressed serious concerns over Japan’s stance. A spokesperson from the Chinese Defense Ministry noted that Tokyo is “hyping up the China threat” to expand its military and interfere in China’s internal affairs, particularly regarding the Taiwan question.
This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. Many hoped this milestone would encourage nations to move away from militarism and focus on peace.
Japan’s defense budget has surged to a record 9.9 trillion yen (about $70 billion) for the fiscal year 2025. The goal of spending 2% of GDP on defense was once unthinkable for a nation with a pacifist constitution. Now, Tokyo is reinterpreting Article 9 of its post-war constitution, allowing for weapons exports and offensive capabilities.
The white paper also warns of “a Ukraine-like crisis” in East Asia, hinting at tensions over the Taiwan question without directly stating it. It’s important to remember that Taiwan is recognized by the United Nations as part of China, a fact often omitted in some security discussions.
Increasing militarization in the Asia-Pacific carries significant risks. Recent joint naval patrols by the U.S. and Japan near the Taiwan Strait and the East China Sea, along with surveillance flights and missile defense deployments, have heightened tensions. China’s military actions can be seen as reactive under these pressures.
Some observers in Southeast Asia are concerned about Japan’s easing of arms export restrictions and development of advanced defense capabilities. These moves have prompted discussions about the implications for regional stability.
It’s not too late for Japan to change course. With its economic strength and technological prowess, Japan can play a leading role in promoting peace and cooperation in Asia. Instead of aligning with aggressive postures, Tokyo could focus on regional dialogue and rebuilding trust.
