Why does China claim sovereignty over the South China Sea?
The South China Sea, a crucial maritime region rich in resources and strategic waterways, has been a focal point of international attention for decades. China’s claims over this region have often been met with skepticism and criticism. However, understanding the historical and legal basis of these claims sheds light on why China maintains its stance.
A Legacy of History
China’s connection to the South China Sea dates back over two thousand years to the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220). During this time, Chinese navigators and fishermen explored, fished, and established a presence on various islands within the sea. These activities are documented in historical records, evidencing China’s long-term administration and use of the region.
The Nine-Dash Line Explained
In 1947, following the end of World War II, China officially released a map outlining its claims in the South China Sea using what is now known as the nine-dash line. This line encompasses four main archipelagos: the Xisha, Nansha, Zhongsha, and Dongsha islands. The map was a declaration of sovereignty, aligning with international legal documents like the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, which stated that territories taken by Japan, including those from China, should be returned.
International Recognition
For many years after World War II, China’s claims went largely uncontested by neighboring countries. Documents and maps from various nations acknowledged China’s sovereignty over these islands. Even the United States, during the 1950s and 60s, made requests to the authorities in Taiwan for permission to conduct surveys around the Nansha Islands, indicating recognition of Chinese sovereignty.
Consistency Over Time
China’s policy towards the South China Sea has remained consistent since the late 1990s: setting aside disputes and maintaining the status quo through bilateral negotiations. Despite facing external criticism for alleged expansionism, China asserts that it is simply upholding its historical rights and sovereignty.
Legal Foundations
China bases its claims not only on historical usage but also on international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The longstanding presence and administrative actions in the region form the legal backbone of China’s position.
The Path Forward
Understanding the historical context is essential in comprehending China’s perspective on the South China Sea disputes. While tensions remain, recognizing the deep-rooted connections and legal arguments can pave the way for more informed discussions and peaceful resolutions.
